Cold stress limits plant geographical distribution and influences plant growth, development,
and yields. Plants as sessile organisms have evolved complex biochemical and …

In the whole life process, many factors including external and internal factors affect plant
growth and development. The morphogenesis, growth, and development of plants are …

In field conditions, crops are adversely affected by a wide range of abiotic stresses including
drought, cold, salt, and heat, as well as biotic stresses including pests and pathogens. These …

The size of seeds affects not only evolutionary fitness but also grain yield of crops.
Understanding the mechanisms controlling seed size has become an important research …

Transcription factors (TFs) play a significant role in signal transduction networks spanning
the perception of a stress signal and the expression of corresponding stress-responsive …

The floral quartet model of floral organ specification poses that different tetramers of MIKC-
type MADS-domain transcription factors control gene expression and hence the identity of …

Transcription factors belonging to the APETALA 2/Ethylene R esponsive F actor (AP 2/ERF)
family are conservatively widespread in the plant kingdom. These regulatory proteins are …

In terrestrial environments, temperature and water conditions are highly variable, and
extreme temperatures and water conditions affect the survival, growth and reproduction of …

Plants produce a large variety of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, glucosinolates,
terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. These compounds play key roles in plant–environment …

▪ Abstract Many plants increase in freezing tolerance upon exposure to low nonfreezing
temperatures, a phenomenon known as cold acclimation. In this review, recent advances in …