Background Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as a huge global
health problem in low-and middle-income countries. The magnitude of the rise of NCDs is …

Background The brunt of cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden globally now resides within
low-and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. However, little is known regarding …

Introduction The objective of this study is review the evidence on the health risks associated
with smoking kretek cigarettes compared with not smoking or smoking regular cigarettes …

Objectives To estimate the prevalence and pattern of multimorbidity in the Indonesian adult
population. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Community-based survey. The sampling …

Background and purpose Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk amongst multiple sclerosis
(MS) patients appears raised, but few studies have examined CVD risk amongst an …

Introduction The general lack of knowledge about the composition of clove cigarettes and
the large number of terms that can be used to define different types of cigarettes that contain …

Purpose: The study aims to describe sociodemographic and health variable indices related
to current and former tobacco use among older adults who participated in the Indonesia …

Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased in low-and middle-income
countries, including Indonesia. It is important to identify risk factors for cardiovascular …

Purpose. To analyze the determinants of tobacco smoking addiction in rural areas. Methods.
A cross‐sectional study was conducted on February 2020. The self‐administered …

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the main causes of premature
death and hospital admission worldwide, constituting a great economic burden on health …