Measurement—the assignment of numbers to attributes of the natural world—is central to all
scientific inference. Measurement theory concerns the relationship between measurements …

Complex statistical methods are continuously developed across the fields of ecology,
evolution, and systematics (EES). These fields, however, lack standardized principles for …

Highlights•The calculation of correlation coefficients is widespread in biological
research.•The standard t test offers generally reasonable performance.•For non-normal data …

When confronted with an adaptive challenge, such as extreme temperature, closely related
species frequently evolve similar phenotypes using the same genes. Although such …

Publisher Description (unedited publisher data) An essential textbook for any student or
researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sampling programs or analyse the …

Darwinian Natural Selection t is quite conceiveable," Darwin wrote in his introduction to On
the Origin of Species (1859, p. 3)" that a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual affinities of …

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters play diverse roles, including lipid transport, in all
kingdoms. ABCG subfamily transporters that are encoded as half-transporters require …

An astonishing volume and diversity of evidence is available for many hypotheses in the
biomedical and social sciences. Some of this evidence—usually from randomized controlled …

Mutations of small effect underlie most adaptation to new environments, but beneficial
variants with large fitness effects are expected to contribute under certain conditions. Genes …

Ecological data often violate common assumptions of traditional parametric statistics (eg,
that residuals are Normally distributed, have constant variance, and cases are independent) …