Objectives A systematic review was conducted in high-income country settings to analyse:(i)
spina bifida neonatal and IMRs over time, and (ii) clinical and socio-demographic factors …

Background Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant death and disability and
their incidence varies between ethnic groups in the UK. Rates of infant death are highest in …

Background: Epidemiological studies suggest that women exposed to disinfection by-
products (DBPs) have an increased risk of delivering babies with cardiovascular defects …

Background Child mortality is almost twice as high in England compared with Sweden. We
aimed to establish the extent to which adverse birth characteristics and socioeconomic …

Introduction: Congenital anomalies is one of most important causes of hospitalization,
disability and neonatal death; the cost of admission and treatment of these children imposes …

Background During the first three months of pregnancy, the developing embryo may be
susceptible to external and internal factors, which may lead to structural and functional …

Background Few studies have considered using environmental amenities to explain social
health inequalities. Nevertheless, Green spaces that promote good health may have an …

Fetal mid-pregnancy scans are typically carried out according to fixed protocols. Accurate
detection of abnormalities and correct biometric measurements hinge on the correct …

Insecticides and other agrochemicals have become indispensable components of the
agricultural system to ensure a notable increase in crop yield and food production. As a …

Background Enhanced understanding of spatial social polarization as a determinant of
infant mortality is critical to efforts aimed at advancing health equity. Our objective was to …