Abstract Calcium ions (Ca 2+) are prominent intracellular messengers in all eukaryotic cells.
Recent studies have emphasized the crucial roles of Ca 2+ in plant immunity. Here, we …

Plant cell wall-derived biomass serves as a renewable source of energy and materials with
increasing importance. The cell walls are biomacromolecular assemblies defined by a fine …

Fluorescent proteins (FP) are frequently used for studying proteins inside cells. In advanced
fluorescence microscopy, FPs can report on additional intracellular variables. One variable …

In plants, the phloem distributes photosynthetic products for metabolism and storage over
long distances. It relies on specialized cells, the sieve elements, which are enucleated and …

Protein activities depend heavily on protein complex formation and dynamic
posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation. The dynamic nature of protein …

Extensins are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and generally play a structural role in cell
wall integrity. In this study, we determined a novel role of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) …

Cell size is a complex trait, derived from both genetic and environmental factors.
Environmental determinants of bacterial cell size identified to date primarily target assembly …

Root hair cells are important sensors of soil conditions. They grow towards and absorb water-
soluble nutrients. This fast and oscillatory growth is mediated by continuous remodeling of …

The pH parameter of soil plays a key role for plant nutrition as it is affecting the availability of
minerals and consequently determines plant growth. Although the mechanisms by which …

During flowering plant reproduction, anthers produce pollen grains, the development of
which is supported by the tapetum, a nourishing maternal tissue that also contributes non …