Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules
and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library …

The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly
valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and …

Antibody responses during infection and vaccination typically undergo affinity maturation to
achieve high-affinity binding for efficient neutralization of pathogens,. Similarly, high affinity …

Biologics now constitute a significant element of available medical treatments. Owing to their
clinical and commercial success, biologics are a rapidly growing class and have become a …

In recent years, there has been a tremendous development of biotechnological,
pharmacological, and medical techniques which can be implemented in the functional …

The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and
tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system …

Resistance threatens to render antibiotics—which are essential for modern medicine—
ineffective, thus posing a threat to human health. The discovery of novel classes of …

With the recent FDA approval of the first siRNA‐derived therapeutic, RNA interference
(RNAi)‐mediated gene therapy is undergoing a transition from research to the clinical …

Immunoglobulin (IgG) glycosylation is a complex enzymatically controlled process, essential
for the structure and function of IgG. IgG glycome is relatively stable in the state of …

Nanocarrier-based delivery systems can be used to increase the safety and efficacy of active
ingredients in medical, veterinary, or agricultural applications, particularly when such …