Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and the leading cause of
tumor-related mortality. Endoscopy and serological tumor marker testing are currently the …

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are vital components of liquid biopsies for diagnosis of
residual cancer, monitoring of therapy response, and prognosis of recurrence. Scientific …

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Nanoparticles have been
broadly studied and emerged as a novel approach in diagnosis and treatment of tumors …

The application of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has undergone
different developmental stages, but phagocytosis and nonspecific distribution have been the …

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a rare subset of cells found in the blood of patients with
solid tumors, which function as a seed for metastases. Cancer cells metastasize through the …

Organoids are established through in vitro 3D culture, and they can mimic the structure and
physiological functions of organs or tissues in vivo. Organoids have attracted much attention …

The rising interest in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived organoid culture
has stemmed from the manipulation of various combinations of directed multi-lineage …

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death owing to the blood-borne
dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) early in the process. A rare fraction of CTCs …

Abstract Multiple three-dimensional (3D) tumour organoid models assisted by multi-omics
and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have contributed greatly to preclinical drug development and …