The relationship between entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts is a classic
example of the co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen and target host. The present …

The presence of honey bees in our landscapes has long invoked images of vitality,
diligence, and cooperation. Unfortunately, the current state of bee health paints a rather …

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are critical agricultural pollinators as well as model organisms
for research on development, behavior, memory, and learning. The parasite Nosema …

Microsporidia are a large group of fungal‐related obligate intracellular parasites. They are
responsible for infections in humans as well as in agriculturally and environmentally …

Background Organisms typically face infection by diverse pathogens, and hosts are thought
to have developed specific responses to each type of pathogen they encounter. The advent …

Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian fungus that parasitizes the midgut epithelial cells of
honey bees, Apis mellifera. Due to the role that midgut microorganisms play in bee health …

The trypanosomatids Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim are very prevalent in honey
bee colonies and potentially contribute to colony losses that currently represent a serious …

Highlights•Infection by Nosema ceranae affects behavior, physiology and survival of honey
bees.•Nosema parasites can exploit the resources of the host for their metabolism.•Infection …

The frequent exposure of bees to a wide variety of fungicides, on crops where they forage,
can be considered a stressor factor for these pollinators. The organisms are exposed both to …

Organisms living in large groups, such as social insects, are particularly vulnerable to
parasite transmission. However, they have evolved diverse defence mechanisms which are …