The lateral orbitotomy approach (LOA) was first described by Kronlein in 1888 and has since
been subject to many modifications and variations. When considering orbital approaches …

Background In the last decades, skull base surgery had passed through an impressive
evolution. The role of neuroanatomic research has been uppermost, and it has played a …

The literature on transorbital approach has skyrocketed recently, but there is no consensus
on what “transorbital” means. There are reports using this approach on aneurysms, but the …

Objectives Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) has ignited interest in the
transorbital access corridor, increasing its use for single and multi-portal skull base …

Introduction Pterional craniotomy is a surgical approach frequently used in aneurysm and
skull base surgery. Pterional craniotomy may lead to cosmetic and functional problems, such …

Background The transorbital approach (TOA) has a unique advantage to the more common
lateral approaches as it provides direct access to the anterior middle fossa and medial …

Background The endoscopic transorbital approach provides a direct access to the medial
temporal lobe (MTL). However, when excising a highly vascular tumour, a wider access …

The transorbital approach (TOA) can provide immediate access to the lateral ventricles by
piercing the roof of the orbit (ROO) with a spinal needle and without the need of a drill …

The lateral transorbital approach is a minimally invasive approach that was first described
for accessing the cavernous sinus. 1 Although other minimally invasive approaches have …

Complications associated with surgical approaches and clipping for the treatment of
intracranial aneurysms are a major issue. Efforts have been dedicated to developing …