Healthcare 4.0 is a term that has emerged recently and derived from Industry 4.0. Today, the
health care sector is more digital than in past decades; for example, spreading from x‐rays …

Background This article provides an overview of the first BioASQ challenge, a competition
on large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering (QA), which took …

Efficient access to chemical information contained in scientific literature, patents, technical
reports, or the web is a pressing need shared by researchers and patent attorneys from …

Ontologies are widely used in biological and biomedical research. Their success lies in their
combination of four main features present in almost all ontologies: provision of standard …

The past decade has witnessed the modern advances of high-throughput technology and
rapid growth of research capacity in producing large-scale biological data, both of which …

The Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition presents practical tools
and techniques for implementing natural language processing in computer systems. Along …

At different stages of any research project, molecular biologists need to choose—often
somewhat arbitrarily, even after careful statistical data analysis—which genes or proteins to …

The BioASQ question answering (QA) benchmark dataset contains questions in English,
along with golden standard (reference) answers and related material. The dataset has been …

Background The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of
aerobic metabolism, and while these particular'reactive oxygen species'(ROSs) can exhibit a …

Cancer is a malignant disease that has caused millions of human deaths. Its study has a
long history of well over 100years. There have been an enormous number of publications on …