Deep-sea polymetallic nodules (PMN) hold promise as a future resource, with various
consortia like MOES, IOM, GSR, KORDI, and COMRA actively exploring mining possibilities …

All over the world, investment decisions are regarded as critical decisions. Investors prior to
the investment decision would like to know the possible risk and returns associated with the …

In 2006, the BGR signed a contract with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) for the
exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the northeast Pacific …

深海底蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源, 但因其赋存环境特殊, 必须依赖专门的技术和装备才能开发利用.
近年来新能源电池等对关键金属需求的迅猛增长, 推动了深海采矿技术与装备的研究向商业化 …

Deep-sea polymetallic nodules are associated with rich rare substances, such as rare-earth
elements (REEs), Mo, Ti, Te, Li, which are currently in demand and are used in various …

The international seabed area (ie, the “Area”) is rich in mineral resources. According to the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the relevant implemented …

Abstract At the" UN Climate Change Conference"(COP27), France called for a ban on deep
sea mining. The topic has gained momentum over the last years as some businesspeople …

Rising demand for minerals and metals in high-tech and new energy industries has led to a
great interest in exploration of seabed mineral resources. Such resources, including …

The deep seabed is rich in minerals, which must be exploited by deep-sea mining
technology and equipment. The rapid growth in demand for critical metals, such as new …

In view of the possibility of deep seabed mining commencing in the near future, the
International Seabed Authority (ISA) is considering a payment regime for polymetallic …