The progression through different steps of T-cell development, activation, and effector
function is tightly bound to specific cellular metabolic processes. Previous studies …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with the phenotype of mainly expressing surface molecules
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), secreting …

BACKGROUND Marked progress is achieved in understanding the physiopathology of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic. However, the …

Neutrophils (PMNs) contain and release a powerful arsenal of mediators, including several
granular enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) …

Cytokines are an important set of proteins regulating bone homeostasis. In inflammation
induced bone resorption, cytokines, such as RANKL, TNF-α, M-CSF, are indispensable for …

The inactivated vaccine CoronaVac is one of the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines
globally. However, the longitudinal evolution of the immune response induced by …

Bacterial members of the infant gut microbiota and bacterial-derived short-chain fatty acids
(SCFAs) have been shown to be protective against childhood asthma, but a role for the …

Allergic diseases have been classified in the last decades using various theories. The main
classes of the newest classification in allergic respiratory diseases focus on the …

Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune
defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual …

Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease involving variable airflow limitations, exhibits two
phenotypes: eosinophilic and neutrophilic. The asthma phenotype must be considered …