Abstract Linoleic acid (LA)(n− 6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)(n− 3) are essential fatty acids
(EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human …

Abstract Arachidonic acid (AA), a 20 carbon chain polyunsaturated fatty acid with 4 double
bonds, is an integral constituent of biological cell membrane, conferring it with fluidity and …

Lipid and immune pathways are crucial in the pathophysiology of metabolic and
cardiovascular disease. Arachidonic acid (AA) and its derivatives link nutrient metabolism to …

Controlled immune responses to infection and injury involve complex molecular signalling
networks with coordinated and often opposing actions. Eicosanoids and related bioactive …

Except for an essential step for the pathology of multiple diseases including atherosclerosis
and rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation is an imperative therapeutic target for developing …

Bee venom (BV) is usually associated with pain since, when humans are stung by bees,
local inflammation and even an allergic reaction can be produced. BV has been traditionally …

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that
are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In …

Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and
allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several …

Mast cells (MC s) are innate immune cells that are scattered in tissues throughout the
organism being particularly abundant at sites exposed to the environment such as the skin …

Among more than 30 members of the phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) superfamily, secreted PLA
2 (sPLA 2) enzymes represent the largest family, being Ca 2+-dependent low-molecular …