Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent problems of women of reproductive age,
which affects their quality of life and their social activity and being able to treat …

Objective This guideline reviews the investigation and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
Intended Users Health care providers. Target Population Women and adolescents …

Background and Objectives: Characterising the features of methodologies, clinical attributes
and intervention protocols, of studies is valuable to advise directions for research and …

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect and safety of transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy for relieving pain in women with primary …

Objectives To evaluate the effects of thermotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (TENS) on pain intensity, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and conditioned pain …

Context Patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) may have pain refractory to conventional
pain management strategies. Neuromodulation could provide relief of pain. Objective To …

Primary dysmenorrhea is considered one of the main causes of pelvic pain during a
woman's childbearing years, resulting in poor quality of life. The objective was to evaluate …

Only humans, closely related primates, some species of bats, and elephant shrews (Fig. 1.1)
visibly menstruate. The processes that drive the monthly maturation, slough, and renewal of …

Chronic primary pelvic pain syndrome (CPPPS) is a heterogeneous disease with unknown
pathogenesis and a lack of distinct pathological features, which complicates diagnosis and …

Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) is characterized by painful cramps before or during
menstruation. It is generally treated with nonpharmacological methods. However, with the …