Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the
extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling …

AKI is pathologically characterized by sublethal and lethal damage of renal tubules. Under
these conditions, renal tubular cell death may occur by regulated necrosis (RN) or …

Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself.
The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to …

Acute renal failure (ARF), classically defined as an abrupt decrease in kidney function that
leads to accumulation of nitrogenous wastes such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, is …

Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury has been extensively studied during the last decades and
has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many clinical entities following hepatic …

In this review we outline the unique effects of the autacoid adenosine in the kidney.
Adenosine is present in the cytosol of renal cells and in the extracellular space of normoxic …

Current strategies to limit the extent of injury in acute renal failure are based on extensive
studies that identified cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury. Despite …

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) contributes to the development of ischemic acute renal
failure (ARF). Multi-factorial processes are involved in the development and progression of …

An understanding of the stress response will aid the clinician in preparing for expected
responses, recognizing and perhaps correcting deviations from the norm and accounting for …

Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently suffer from extra-renal complications
including hepatic dysfunction and systemic inflammation. We aimed to determine the …