Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER
associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The …

Cells respond to viral infections through sensors that detect non-self-molecules, and through
effectors, which can have direct antiviral activities or adapt cell physiology to limit viral …

In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak associated with a novel form of human
coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. 1, 2 As the causative agent of …

Influenza viruses cause annual outbreaks of respiratory tract infection with attack rates of 5–
10%. This means that humans are infected repeatedly with intervals of, on average, 10–20 …

The influenza A virus is one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in humans.
Upon infection with an influenza A virus, both innate and adaptive immune responses are …

Influenza A and B viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in humans. In addition,
influenza A viruses continuously re-emerge from animal reservoirs into humans causing …

Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish
their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are …

Influenza A virus (IAV) matrix protein 2 (M2) is among the smallest bona fide, hence
extensively studied, ion channel proteins. The M2 ion channel activity is not only essential …

Every step of the viral life cycle is dependent on the host, which potentially can be explored
for antiviral targets. Historically, however, drug discovery has focused mainly on viral targets …

Apoptosis induction is an antiviral host response, however, influenza A virus (IAV) infection
promotes host cell death. The nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV is known to contribute to viral …