In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence
and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related …

Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in
numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in …

In humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, the frontal cortices exhibit grey matter thinning
and dendritic spine pruning that extends into adolescence. This maturation is believed to …

Gonadal sex steroids are important regulators of energy balance in adult rodents, and
gonadectomy (GDX) has opposing effects on weight gain in sexually mature males and …

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a network responsible for the bidirectional communication
between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This multifaceted system …

Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to adapt flexibly to changing circumstances. In
laboratory mice, we investigated whether cognitive flexibility is higher in pubertal mice than …

The increased vulnerability to stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders in women,
including anxiety disorders, does not emerge until pubertal onset, suggesting a role for …

Testosterone is a powerful steroid hormone that can impact the brain and behavior in
various ways, including regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine (hypothalamic-pituitary …

Anxiety disorders are a major public health concern and current treatments are inadequate
for many individuals. Anxiety is more common in women than men and this difference arises …

Decision-making circuits are modulated across life stages (eg juvenile, adolescent, or adult)—
as well as on the shorter timescale of reproductive cycles in females—to meet changing …