This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth
muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical …

The complexity of the human brain poses a substantial challenge for the development of
models of the CNS. Current animal models lack many essential human characteristics (in …

Mechanical stress from blood flow has a significant effect on endothelial physiology, with a
key role in initiating vasoregulatory signals. Disturbances in blood flow, such as in regions of …

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia. It is marked by severe
memory loss and cognitive decline, and currently has limited effective treatment options …

The establishment of in vitro models of the BBB is significant for the evaluation of the
mechanism and permeability of drugs and their sustained-release formulations across the …

Endothelial cells throughout the body are heterogeneous, and this is tightly linked to the
specific functions of organs and tissues. Heterogeneity is already determined from …

In vitro models of the human blood–brain barrier (BBB) are increasingly used to develop
therapeutics that can cross the BBB for treating diseases of the central nervous system. Here …

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) refers to the age-dependent pathological processes
involving the brain small vessels and leading to vascular cognitive impairment, intracerebral …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in regulating transport into and out of the
brain. With increasing interest in the role of the BBB in health and disease, there have been …

Aging is a modern concept: human life expectancy has more than doubled in less than 150
yr in Western countries. Longer life span, however, reveals age-related diseases, including …