Conifers are long‐lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense
mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to …

▪ Abstract Scolytid bark beetles that colonize living conifers are frequently associated with
specific fungi that are carried in specialized structures or on the body surface. These fungi …

Bark beetles are among the few native insects that can kill large numbers of trees in a single
year. The present paper reviews recent work on the relationship between conifer resistance …

Fungi are common and well-known associates of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The
relationship between fungi and scolytids was recognized relatively long ago. Schmidberger …

The idea that phytopathogenic fungi associated with tree-killing bark beetles are critical for
overwhelming tree defenses and incurring host tree mortality, herein called the classic …

The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most
destructive scolytid in the coniferous forests of the palaearctic region. In Europe, outbreaks …

Conifers are the dominant trees over huge areas worldwide and include many species of
great economic and ecological importance. Some conifer species, particularly members of …

Wounding of Norway spruce by inoculation with sterile agar, or agar containing the
pathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica, induced traumatic resin duct formation in the stem …

Bark beetles (order Coleoptera: family Scolytidae) comprise a taxonomic group of species
that look similar although they differ widely in their ecology and biochemical adaptations to …

Insects have mutualistic symbioses with a variety of microorganisms. However, the chemical
signals that maintain these insect− microbe relationships are poorly known compared to …