Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly important role in language education;
however, the trends, research issues, and applications of AI in language learning remain …

Although the field of artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly developed, there has been little
research to review, describe, and analyse the trends and development of empirical research …

How can we leverage digital technologies to enhance language learning and bilingual
representation? In this digital era, our theories and practices for the learning and teaching of …

Practice and focus on form play a crucial and decisive role in foreign language learning. But
what would an intelligent, adaptive foreign language learning environment look like if all …

Question Difficulty Estimation from Text (QDET) is the application of Natural Language
Processing techniques to the estimation of a value, either numerical or categorical, which …

Designing and constructing pedagogical tests that contain items (ie questions) which
measure various types of skills for different levels of students equitably is a challenging task …

Complexity and difficulty are two closely related but distinct concepts. These concepts are
important in the development of intelligent learning systems, eg, for sequencing items …

This work presents a comparative analysis of various machine learning (ML) methods for
predicting item difficulty in English reading comprehension tests using text features extracted …

Assessment quality and validity is heavily reliant on the quality of items included in an
assessment or test. Difficulty is an essential factor that can determine items and tests' overall …

Research in the area of Open Student Models (OSMs) has shown that external
representations of the student model can be used to facilitate educational processes such as …