Frozen shoulder is a common debilitating disorder characterized by shoulder pain and
progressive loss of shoulder movement. Frozen shoulder is frequently associated with other …

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a chronic pain syndrome in the lower back region, lasting
for at least 3 months. CLBP represents the second leading cause of disability worldwide …

This review article presents and summarizes up-to-date literature on the clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options for …

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a heterogeneous disorder including patients with
dominant nociceptive (eg, myofascial low back pain), neuropathic (eg, lumbar …

Introduction: Given our improved understanding of the role of central sensitization (CS) in
many patients with chronic pain, it seems rational to account for CS during treatment. Areas …

Among people with chronic pain, insomnia is highly prevalent, closely related to the
mechanism of central sensitization, characterized by low-grade neuroinflammation, and …

Central sensitization (CS), simply defined as an amplified response of the central nervous
system to peripheral input, is a concept of great importance in clinical medicine. It has …

Pain sensitisation plays a major role in musculoskeletal pain. However, effective treatments
are limited, and although there is growing evidence that exercise may improve pain …

Low back pain is one of the four most common disorders in all regions, and the greatest
contributor to disability worldwide, adding 10.7% of total years lost due to this health state …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and disability worldwide. Despite the existence
of evidence-based treatments and guidelines, substantial gaps remain in the quality of OA …