Summary LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT comprise the next generation of immune checkpoint
receptors being harnessed in the clinic. Although initially studied for their roles in restraining …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with the phenotype of mainly expressing surface molecules
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), secreting …

Objectives T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)
domain (TIGIT) is a newly discovered immune checkpoint (IC) that exhibits …

Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that a
smoldering inflammatory activity is present from the earliest stages of the disease and …

Immune checkpoints (ICs), also referred to as co-inhibitory receptors (IRs), are essential for
regulating immune cell function to maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. IRs, such …

Introduction T cell Ig and ITIM domain receptor (TIGIT) is a next-generation immune
checkpoint predominantly expressed on activated T cells and NK cells, exhibiting an …

Abstract Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), a member of the fibrinogen family, exists as a
membrane-bound protein with immune-associated coagulation activity and a soluble form …

Simple Summary Immune-cell activation is triggered upon antigen or target recognition. This
is modulated by co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals provided by the cellular environment …

Background Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play a pivotal role in suppressing immune
responses, yet there is still a lack of cell surface markers that can rigorously identify them. In …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, which
is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, pathologic vasculopathy, and increased tissue …