Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is
achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which …

Abstract Used in Southeast Asia for generations, kratom gained popularity in the United
States and elsewhere over the past several decades. Derived from Mitragyna speciosa …

Selected indole-based kratom alkaloids were evaluated for their opioid and adrenergic
receptor binding and functional effects, in vivo antinociceptive effects, plasma protein …

Kratom alkaloids have mostly been evaluated for their opioid activity but less at other targets
that could contribute to their physiological effects. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in …

Ten indole and oxindole alkaloids (1–10) were isolated from the freshly collected leaves of
Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom). The chemical structures of these compounds were …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a native medicinal
plant of Southeast Asia widely reported to be used to reduce opioid dependence and …

Background Made as a tea, the Thai traditional drug “kratom” reportedly possesses
pharmacological actions that include both a coca-like stimulant effect and opium-like …

Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom) is known for its psychoactive and analgesic properties.
Mitragynine is the primary constituent present in kratom leaves. This study highlights the …

Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa Korth., is being widely consumed in the United States for pain
management and the reduction of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system …

Drugs are regulated in the United States (US) by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) if
assessment of their abuse potential, including public health risks, show such control is …