There is an emerging consensus that spatial thinking plays a fundamental role in how
people conceive, express, and perform mathematics. However, the underlying nature of this …

Time and space are tightly linked in the physical word. Recently, several lines of evidence
have suggested that the mental representation of time might be spatial in nature. For …

Several psychophysical and neuropsychological investigations have suggested that the
mental representation of numbers takes the form of a number line along which magnitude is …

Numbers are present in every part of modern society and the human capacity to use
numbers is unparalleled in other species. Understanding the mental and neural …

The literature on spatial associations during number processing is dominated by the SNARC
(spatial–numerical association of response codes) effect. We describe spatial biases found …

Spatial–numerical associations (SNAs) are prevalent yet their origin is poorly understood.
We first consider the possible prime role of reading habits in shaping SNAs and list three …

Do people who speak different languages think differently, even when they are not using
language? To find out, we used nonlinguistic psychophysical tasks to compare mental …

Approximate processing of numerosities is a universal and preverbal skill, while exact
number processing above 4 involves the use of culturally acquired number words and …

Grounded theories assume that there is no central module for cognition. According to this
view, all cognitive phenomena, including those considered the province of amodal cognition …

Embodied theories are increasingly challenging traditional views of cognition by arguing
that conceptual representations that constitute our knowledge are grounded in sensory and …