Climate change in the past has led to significant changes in species' distributions. However,
how individual species respond to climate change depends largely on their adaptations and …

The glacial episodes of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago–present) were a major factor
in shaping the present-day distributions of extant flora and fauna, with expansions and …

Glacial cycles have played a dominant role in shaping the genetic structure and distribution
of biota in northwestern North America. The two major ice age refugia of Beringia and the …

Some recent academic and popular literature implies that the problem of the colonization of
the Americas has been largely resolved in favor of one specific model: a Pacific coastal …

Background It is widely accepted that the ancestors of Native Americans arrived in the New
World via Beringia approximately 10 to 30 thousand years ago (kya). However, the arrival …

Approximately 20 000 years ago the last glacial maximum (LGM) radically altered the
distributions of many Northern Hemisphere terrestrial organisms. Fewer studies describing …

Forty years ago, Knut Fladmark (1979) argued that the Pacific Coast offered a viable
alternative to the ice-free corridor model for the initial peopling of the Americas—one of the …

New insights for the systematic and evolution of the wild sheep are provided by molecular
phylogenies inferred from Maximum parsimony, Bayesian, Maximum likelihood, and …

Recent archaeological and paleoecological work along both interior and coastal routes for
early colonization of the New World has suggested that the interior route was impossible …

Parasites play an important role in the structure and function of arctic ecosystems, systems
that are currently experiencing an unprecedented rate of change due to various …