The rhizosphere is a chemically complex environment that harbors a strikingly diverse
microbial community. The past few decades have seen a rapid growth in the body of …

The life of bacteria is challenging, to endure bacteria employ a range of mechanisms to
optimize their environment, including deploying the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Acting …

Cryogenic-electron tomography enables the visualization of cellular environments in
extreme detail, however, tools to analyze the full amount of information contained within …

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a molecular machine utilised by many Gram-negative
bacteria to deliver antibacterial toxins into adjacent cells. Here we present the structure of …

Microbial communities are shaped by cell-cell interactions. Although archaea are often
found in associations with other microorganisms, the mechanisms structuring these …

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are macromolecular assemblies that deliver toxic effector
proteins between adjacent bacteria. These effectors span a wide range of protein families …

Antagonistic behaviors between bacterial cells can have profound effects on microbial
populations and disease outcomes. Polymicrobial interactions may be mediated by contact …

Bacteroidales use type VI secretion systems (T6SS) to competitively colonize and persist in
the colon. We identify a horizontally transferred T6SS with Ntox15 family nuclease effector …

Formation and breakage of disulfide bridges strongly impacts folding and activity of proteins.
Thioredoxin 1 (TrxA) is a small, conserved enzyme that reduces disulfide bonds in the …

The rearrangement hotspot (Rhs) repeat is an ancient giant protein fold found in all domains
of life. Rhs proteins are polymorphic toxins that could either be deployed as an ABC …