Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

This review focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors–immunomodulatory agents that aim to
relieve tumour-mediated immune-cell suppression. Immune checkpoint proteins can be …

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during
type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of …

CTLA-4 and PD-1 are receptors that negatively regulate T-cell activation. Ligation of both
CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocked CD3/CD28-mediated upregulation of glucose metabolism and …

T‐cell activation is mediated by antigen‐specific signals from the TCRζ/CD3 and CD4–CD8–
p56lck complexes in combination with additional co‐signals provided by coreceptors such …

It is now clear that functionally specialized regulatory T (Treg) cells exist as part of the
normal immune repertoire, preventing the development of pathogenic responses to both self …

The T cell compartment of adaptive immunity provides vertebrates with the potential to
survey for and respond specifically to an incredible diversity of antigens. The T cell …

The ability of naive T cells to clonally expand and acquire effector functions depends on the
strength of signals received by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by an array of co-stimulatory …

During activation, T cells express receptors for receiving positive and negative costimulatory
signals. Here we identify the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), an immunoglobulin …

Recent advances in the understanding of T cell activation have led to new therapeutic
approaches in the treatment of immunological disorders. One attractive target of intervention …