X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the epigenetic mechanism that ensures X-linked dosage
compensation between cells of females (XX karyotype) and males (XY). XCI is essential for …

Three principal types of chromosomal sex determination are found in nature: male
heterogamety (XY systems, as in mammals), female heterogamety (ZW systems, as in birds) …

Abstract Changes in gene expression are thought to underlie many of the phenotypic
differences between species. However, large-scale analyses of gene expression evolution …

The concordance of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) with microarrays for genome-wide
analysis of differential gene expression has not been rigorously assessed using a range of …

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis
and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination …

Differentiated sex chromosomes in mammals and other vertebrates evolved independently
but in strikingly similar ways. Vertebrates with differentiated sex chromosomes share the …

Complex human traits are influenced by variation in regulatory DNA through mechanisms
that are not fully understood. Because regulatory elements are conserved between humans …

Many animal species use a chromosome-based mechanism of sex determination, which has
led to the coordinate evolution of dosage-compensation systems. Dosage compensation not …

Differentiated sex chromosomes evolved because of suppressed recombination once sex
became genetically controlled. In XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems, the heterogametic sex became …

Sex chromosomes originate as a pair of homologus autosomes that then follow a general
pattern of divergence. This is evident in mammalian sex chromosomes, which have …