Nicotine enters the environment mainly through human activity, as well as natural sources.
This review article examines the increasing evidence implicating nicotine in the initiation …

Cancer metastasis is a major reason for the cancer-associated deaths and a role of long non-
coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer metastasis is increasingly being realized. Among the …

The F-box and WD-repeat-containing protein 2 (FBXW2) plays a crucial role as an E3 ligase
in regulating tumorigenesis. However, the functions of FBXW2 in breast cancer are still …

NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was
identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with …

Surgery is the common treatment for early lung cancer with multiple pulmonary nodules, but
it is often accompanied by the problem of significant malignancy of other nodules in non …

Treatment of lung cancer with conventional therapies, which include radiation, surgery, and
chemotherapy results in multiple undesirable adverse or side effects. The major clinical …

Lung cancer classification and treatment has been revolutionized by improving our
understanding of driver mutations and the introduction of tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is among the leading global causes of cancer-related
mortality. Current treatment options have limited efficacy and severe adverse effects …

Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related factors (TRAFs) are important linker
molecules in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and the Toll-like/interleukin-1 …

Background and aim Cancer cells exhibit Warburg effect, characterized by increased
glycolysis followed by fermentative conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Upregulation of Lactate …