Abstract The European Union (EU) is a democratic organization but faces severe cases of
democratic backsliding. The literature deems the EU a hospitable environment for and …

International institutions are increasingly under attack from their member states, who embark
on varying and sometimes escalating modes of contestation. At the same time, states' …

Illiberal regimes have become central players in international organizations. In this
introduction to the special issue, we provide a unified framework for understanding their …

Liberal democracy is facing renewed challenges from a growing group of states undergoing
democratic backsliding. While entrenched autocrats have long resented and contested the …

By influencing beliefs about electoral quality, international election observation missions
(EOMs) play an important role in shaping post-election contention. As the number and …

International financial institutions (IFIs) are often perceived as engines of economic and
political liberalization. Yet, despite their outsized influence in shaping the development …

Liberal democracy is facing renewed challenges from a growing group of states undergoing
democratic backsliding. While entrenched autocrats have long resented and contested the …

In recent years, consolidated autocracies—led by China and Russia—have been actively
challenging the liberal international order (LIO) and the advanced western democracies at …