Enzymes can be engineered at the level of their amino acid sequences to optimize key
properties such as expression, stability, substrate range, and catalytic efficiency─ or even to …

Protein engineering is an emerging field in biotechnology that has the potential to
revolutionize various areas, such as antibody design, drug discovery, food security, ecology …

Designing protein sequences towards desired properties is a fundamental goal of protein
engineering, with applications in drug discovery and enzymatic engineering. Machine …

Protein language models have shown remarkable success in learning biological information
from protein sequences. However, most existing models are limited by either autoencoding …

Protein engineering often targets binding pockets or active sites which are enriched in
epistasis—nonadditive interactions between amino acid substitutions—and where the …

Machine learning (ML) is revolutionizing our ability to understand and predict the complex
relationships between protein sequence, structure, and function. Predictive sequence …

Although protein engineering, which iteratively optimizes protein fitness by screening the
gigantic mutational space, is constrained by experimental capacity, various machine …

Designing efficient enzymes is a formidable challenge at the forefront of modern
biocatalysis. Here, we review recent developments in the field and illustrate how the …

Directed protein evolution applies repeated rounds of genetic mutagenesis and phenotypic
screening and is often limited by experimental throughput. Through in silico prioritization of …

The development and implementation of sustainable catalytic technologies is key to
delivering our net‐zero targets. Here we review how engineered enzymes, with a focus on …