Auxin, one of the first identified and most widely studied phytohormones, has been and will
remain a hot topic in plant biology. After more than a century of passionate exploration, the …

Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis.
Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying …

The phytohormone auxin controls many processes in plants, at least in part through its
regulation of cell expansion. The acid growth hypothesis has been proposed to explain …

Growth regulation tailors development in plants to their environment. A prominent example
of this is the response to gravity, in which shoots bend up and roots bend down. This …

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The size of plant organs is highly responsive to environmental conditions. The plant's
embryonic stem, or hypocotyl, displays phenotypic plasticity, in response to light and …

H+-ATPases, including the phosphorylated intermediate–type (P-type) and vacuolar-type (V-
type) H+-ATPases, are important ATP-driven proton pumps that generate membrane …

In order to optimally establish their root systems, plants are endowed with several
mechanisms to use at distinct steps during their development. In this review, we zoom in on …

The plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase is an important ion pump in the plant cell
membrane. By extruding protons from the cell and generating a membrane potential, this …

Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, which are dynamic structures displaying a strictly
regulated balance between rigidity and flexibility. Walls are fairly rigid to provide support and …