Cities, and in particular those in coastal low-lying areas, are becoming increasingly
susceptible to climate change, the impact of which is worsened by the tendency for …

The integration of deep learning (DL) techniques with geographical information system (GIS)
offers a promising avenue for gaining novel insights into environmental phenomena by …

Building-change detection underpins many important applications, especially in the military
and crisis-management domains. Recent methods used for change detection have shifted …

This paper aims to evaluate two machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely, convolutional
neural network (CNN) and long short-term memories (LSTM) deep learning algorithms, to …

Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, thanks to the development of
Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms, allows the generation …

Tropical montane forests (TMF) play a vital role in providing numerous ecosystem services.
This ecosystem is characterized by towering mountains, cold weather, tall trees such as …

The generation of 3D models depicting cities in the past holds great potential for
documentation and educational purposes. However, it is often hindered by incomplete …

The contour feature points of object point clouds are the main features of human perception
on target and play an important role in many fields, such as indoor model reconstruction …

As one of the most common features, 3D line segments provide visual information in scene
surfaces and play an important role in many applications. However, due to the huge …

Building patterns are crucial for urban form understanding, automated map generalization,
and 3 D city model visualization. The existing studies have recognized various building …