Eukaryotic cells have developed complex systems to regulate the production and response
to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different ROS control diverse aspects of cell behaviour …

Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with many human
diseases. So far, however, we have failed to define homeostasis or dysbiosis by the …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a persistent metabolic disorder rising rapidly worldwide.
It is characterized by pancreatic insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Hyperglycemia …

Cancer cells originate from a series of acquired genetic mutations that can drive their
uncontrolled cell proliferation and immune evasion. Environmental factors, including the …

Studies using 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics typically yield different results, usually
attributed to PCR amplification biases. We introduce Greengenes2, a reference tree that …

The human gut microbiome encodes a large variety of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), but
the short lengths of AMPs pose a challenge for computational prediction. Here we combined …

Ample evidence indicates that the gut microbiome is a tumor-extrinsic factor associated with
antitumor response to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) therapy, but …

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes
from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is a key …

Symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract promote health by decreasing
susceptibility to infection and enhancing resistance to a range of diseases. In this Review …

BACKGROUND Historical accounts linking cancer and microbes date as early as four
millennia ago. After establishment of the germ theory of infectious diseases, clinical research …