With their large brains, elaborate sense organs and complex behaviour, cephalopods are
among the world's most highly evolved invertebrates. This second edition summarises the …

What causes a child to grow up gay or straight? Neuroscientist Simon LeVay summarizes a
wealth of scientific evidence that points to one inescapable conclusion: Sexual orientation …

A well-established field of research in vertebrates focuses on the variability of cognitive
abilities within species. From mammals to fish, numerous studies have revealed remarkable …

In the past few decades, sex differences in spatial cognition have often been attributed to
adaptation in response to natural selection. A common explanation is that home range size …

Understanding individual differences in cognitive performance is a major challenge to
animal behaviour and cognition studies. We used the Eastern water skink (Eulamprus …

It is difficult to imagine what an animal as different from us as the octopus 'thinks', but we can
make some progress. In the Umwelt or perceptual world of an octopus, what the lateralized …

Consistent individual behavioural differences in exploration, docility and boldness are often
correlated and are associated with differences in short-term neurophysiological responses …

Blenniid fish exhibit a polygynandric mating system with parental care restricted to males.
Nest-holder males defend a breeding territory centered on their nest, usually a crevice or …

Males in many non-monogamous species have larger ranges than females do, a sex
difference that has been well documented for decades and seems to be an aspect of male …

Spatial cognition in females and males can differ in species in which there are sex-specific
patterns in the use of space. Brown-headed cowbirds are brood parasites that show a …