Digit ratio (2D: 4D) denotes the relative length of the second and fourth digits. This ratio is
considered to be a biomarker of the balance between fetal testosterone (T) and estrogen (E) …

The ratio between the hands' second to the fourth finger (2D: 4D) is commonly hypothesized
to result from prenatal testosterone. The 2D: 4D has also been hypothesized to relate to …

The search for reliable risk factors is a staple among both scholars and policymakers
concerned with structuring interventions designed to reduce aggressive and violent …

Background Two recent meta-analyses have suggested the association between digit ratio
(2D: 4D) and aggression is weak. This conclusion has been criticised because the meta …

As criminology has become more interdisciplinary in recent years, biosocial criminology has
earned a place at the table. Although this perspective comes in many forms, one important …

The relative lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D: 4D) is a negative biomarker for prenatal
testosterone, and low 2D: 4D may be associated with aggression. However, the evidence for …

Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, Second Edition is fully updated to include recent
research, studies, and publications examining the integration of the biological view with …

Abstract Background The 2D: 4D ratio, an indicator of prenatal testosterone-estrogen
balance, is the index finger (second finger) size's ratio to the ring finger (fourth finger) size …

Background A high-performance sport like soccer requires training strategies that aim to
reach peak performance at the right time for the desired competitions. Thus, the investigation …

The relationships of digit ratio (2D: 4D) with the length of AR (CAG) n, and testosterone
levels from saliva and blood have been extensively debated over the years. This research …