The number of bacterial cells living within the human body is approximately equal to, or
greater than, the total number of human cells. This dynamic population of microorganisms …

Parkinson's disease is characterised by a slow and progressive degeneration of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite intensive research, the cause of the …

The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as an immune mediator has long been appreciated
but its function in the brain is still unclear. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is expressed in most cell …

Microglia are the predominant immune response cells and professional phagocytes of the
central nervous system (CNS) that have been shown to be important for brain development …

Abstract Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD).
Gene duplications, triplications and point mutations in SNCA1, the gene encoding α-syn …

Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines are found in Parkinson's disease (PD) patient's
brains and inflammation is thought to be a major contributor to the neurodegeneration …

Most acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions are accompanied by
neuroinflammation; yet the exact nature of the inflammatory processes and whether they …

Background Mechanisms whereby gene–environment interactions mediate chronic,
progressive neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease (PD)—the second most …

What drives the gradual degeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), the
second most common neurodegenerative disease, remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most widespread
neurological disorders (NDs) characterized by degeneration of cognitive and motor …