Liposomes are closed bilayer structures spontaneously formed by hydrated phospholipids
that are widely used as efficient delivery systems for drugs or antigens, due to their capability …

Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms comprise a family of lipid-activated enzymes that have
been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions. PKCs are modular enzymes comprised …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an essential phospholipid involved in membrane biosynthesis and
signal transduction in all eukaryotes. This review focuses on its role as lipid second …

In mammalian cells, phospholipids and cholesterol are assembled into bilayer membranes
forming the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) has only recently been identified as an important signaling molecule
in both plants and animals. Nonetheless, it already promises to rival the importance of the …

Phospholipase D is a ubiquitous class of enzymes that generates phosphatidic acid as an
intracellular signaling species. The phospholipase D superfamily plays a central role in a …

Phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine are negatively charged abundant phospholipids
with well-recognized structural roles in cellular membranes. They are also signaling lipids …

C2 domains are membrane-binding modules that share a common overall fold: a single
compact Greek-key motif organized as an eight-stranded anti-parallel β-sandwich consisting …

Diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase (DGK) modulates the balance between the two signaling lipids,
DAG and phosphatidic acid (PA), by phosphorylating DAG to yield PA. To date, ten …

Among the cellular lipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a peculiar one as it is at the same time a
key building block of phospholipid synthesis and a major lipid second messenger conveying …