Macrophages/microglia are immune system defense and homeostatic cells that develop
from bone marrow progenitor cells. According to the different phenotypes and immune …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive blinding disease, which affects the vision and
quality of life of patients, and it severely impacts the society. This complication, caused by …

In an aging population, the prevalence and burden of diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy,
and vision-threatening diabetic macular edema (DME) are only expected to rise around the …

Background In diabetic retinopathy (DR), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) induces oxidative
stress by upregulating glycolysis. This process leads to neurodegeneration, particularly …

Introduction Oxidative stress has been identified as a major contributor to the pathogenesis
of DR, and many diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have been developed to target …

Aims This study aimed to investigate branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism in
diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods Wild-type and db/db mice were fed BCAAs (5 or 10 …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular retinal complication of diabetic
patients, contributing to loss of vision. Recently, retinal neuroinflammation and …

Abstract Translocator protein (18 kDa)(TSPO) plays an important role in retinal
neuroinflammation in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Studies have found that a …

The vasculature of the retina is exposed to systemic and local factors that have the capacity
to induce several retinal vascular diseases, each of which may lead to vision loss …

Retinal degenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular
degeneration (AMD), loom as threats to vision, causing detrimental effects on the structure …