It has long been appreciated that the Gram-negative outer membrane acts as a permeability
barrier, but recent studies have uncovered a more expansive and versatile role for the outer …

Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health priority. Polymyxins, a family of
cationic polypeptide antibiotics, act as a final line of refuge against severe infections by …

Lipopolysaccharide molecules represent a unique family of glycolipids based on a highly
conserved lipid moiety known as lipid A. These molecules are produced by most gram …

Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria consists of two membranes, the inner and the
outer membrane, that are separated by the periplasm. The outer membrane consists of …

Lipopolysaccharide or LPS is localized to the outer leaflet of the outer membrane and serves
as the major surface component of the bacterial cell envelope. This remarkable glycolipid is …

ABSTRACT The PmrA/PmrB regulatory system of Salmonella enterica controls the
modification of lipid A with aminoarabinose and phosphoethanolamine. The …

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are important components of the innate host
defense system against microbial infections and microbial products. However, the human …

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria have increased the prevalence of fatal
sepsis in modern times. Colistin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) antibiotic that …

New strategies to improve crop yield include the incorporation of plant growth-promoting
bacteria in agricultural practices. The non-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas putida …