Low energy availability (LEA) represents a state in which the body does not have enough
energy left to support all physiological functions needed to maintain optimal health. When …

The most recent scientific evidence supports the consumption of cow's milk and dairy
products as part of a balanced diet. However, these days, the public and practicing …

The significant biochemical and physiological effects of psychological stress are beginning
to be recognized as exacerbating common diseases, including osteoporosis. This review …

Objective Normal-weight oligo-amenorrhoeic athletes (OAA) are at risk for low bone mineral
density (BMD). Data are lacking regarding the impact of oestrogen administration on bone …

Hormonal contraception is prescribed commonly to adolescents for myriad indications from
pregnancy prevention to treatment for acne, hirsutism or dysmenorrhea. Although use of …

Research on lean, energy-deficient athletic and military cohorts has broadened the concept
of the Female Athlete Triad into the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) syndrome …

Bone loss or osteoporosis, is a slow-progressing disease that results from dysregulation of
pro-inflammatory cytokines. The FDA has approved number of drugs for bone loss …

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neuroendocrine genetic syndrome. Characteristics of
PWS include hyperphagia, hypotonia, and intellectual disability. Pituitary hormone …

In a healthy athlete, the caloric intake is sufficient for sports energy needs and body
physiological functions, allowing a balance between energy availability, bone metabolism …

Context Various clinical factors influencing serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
and its binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are not entirely consistently described. Objective We …