Autophagy is central to the maintenance of organismal homeostasis in both physiological
and pathological situations. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to …

The Wnt signalling pathway is one of the central signalling pathways in bone development,
homeostasis and regulation of bone mineral density. It consists of numerous Wnt ligands …

Growth faltering under 5 years of age is unacceptably high worldwide, and even more
children, while not stunted, fail to reach their growth potential. The time between conception …

The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein
kinase that integrates inputs from nutrients and growth factors to control many fundamental …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and intractable disease characterized
by extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. Patients with FOP harbor …

Background Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of nano-structures and represent an
emerging nano-scale acellular therapy in recent years. Tendon regeneration is a …

Much of the mammalian skeleton originates from a cartilage template eventually replaced by
bone via endochondral ossification. Despite much knowledge about growth factors and …

Objectives Wnt16 is implicated in bone fracture and bone mass accrual both in animals and
humans. However, its functional roles and molecular mechanism in chondrocyte …

Precise coordination of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation is essential for the
development of multicellular organisms. Here, we report that although the mechanistic target …

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase promotes cell growth by
activating biosynthetic pathways and suppressing catabolic pathways, particularly that of …