Developed in 1992, the flow-mediated dilation test is now the most commonly used
noninvasive assessment of vascular endothelial function in humans. Since its inception …

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by disturbed extravillous trophoblast migration toward
uterine spiral arteries leading to increased uteroplacental vascular resistance and by …

Endothelial function, assessed using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), predicts
future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study established age-and sex-specific …

Over the past decade, clinical and basic research has demonstrated that estrogen has a
dramatic impact on the response to vascular injury and the development of atherosclerosis …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical which has important effects on bone cell function. The
endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is widely expressed in bone on a …

Migraine is a predominantly female disorder. Menarche, menstruation, pregnancy, and
menopause, and also the use of hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement …

Heart failure (HF) is a complex condition affecting> 40 million people worldwide. It is defined
by failure of the heart to pump (HF with reduced ejection fraction) or by the failure of the …

Estrogen has antiinflammatory and vasoprotective effects when administered to young
women or experimental animals that appear to be converted to proinflammatory and …

The level of skin blood flow is subject to both reflex thermoregulatory control and influences
from the direct effects of warming and cooling the skin. The effects of local changes in …

Female sex hormones have been implicated in the cardioprotection of premenopausal
women. However, the cardiovascular actions of these hormones and the effects of their …