The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular organ of the body. It is composed of
three parts: the nucleus pulposus (NP), the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the cartilaginous …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is rising worldwide and leading to significant health
issues and financial strain for patients. Traditional treatments for IVDD can alleviate pain but …

Objective This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the changing role of
transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in intervertebral disc (IVD) health and …

Macrophage infiltration and polarization have been increasingly observed in intervertebral
disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). However, their biological roles in IDD are still unrevealed. We …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a renal disease with a high incidence and mortality. Currently,
there are no targeted therapeutics for preventing and treating AKI. Macrophages, important …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a primary contributor to low back pain. Immune
cells play an extremely important role in modulating the progression of IDD by interacting …

The accumulation of macrophages in degenerated discs is a common phenomenon.
However, the roles and mechanisms of M2a macrophages in intervertebral disc …

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been reported to
deliver exogenous microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) to reduce the progression of intervertebral …

Purpose Recent animal studies have discovered dysregulation of local inflammatory activity
as a novel mechanism to explain fat and connective tissue accumulation in the multifidus …

Modulating a favorable inflammatory microenvironment that facilitates the recovery of
degenerated discs is a key strategy in the treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration …