Arteriviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals. They can cause
persistent or asymptomatic infections, but also acute disease associated with a respiratory …

Interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a key component of host responses to
microbial infection. Despite having been known for four decades, grasping the functions and …

Abstract The recently identified Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. How this novel beta-coronavirus virus, and …

Coronaviruses encode papain-like proteases (PLpro) that are often multifunctional enzymes
with protease activity to process the viral replicase polyprotein and deubiquitinating …

Programmed− 1 ribosomal frameshifting (− 1 PRF) is a gene-expression mechanism used to
express many viral and some cellular genes. In contrast, efficient natural utilization of− 2 …

Coronaviruses and arteriviruses, members of the order Nidovirales, are positive strand RNA
viruses that encode large replicase polyproteins that are processed by viral proteases to …

Interferons (IFNs), which were discovered a half century ago, are a group of secreted
proteins that play key roles in innate immunity against viral infection. The major signaling …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV)
was reported in the late 1980s. PRRS still is a huge economic concern to the global pig …

Programmed− 1 ribosomal frameshifting (− 1 PRF) is a widely used translational mechanism
facilitating the expression of two polypeptides from a single mRNA. Commonly, the ribosome …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome (PRRS) is a viral pandemic that
especially affects neonates within the “critical window” of immunological development …