Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines that have multifaceted roles. Type I IFNs
have variable effects when it comes to host susceptibility to bacterial infections, that is, the …

Activation of an appropriate innate immune response to bacterial infection is critical to limit
microbial spread and generate cytokines and chemokines to instruct appropriate adaptive …

T follicular helper (TFH) cells are critical in adaptive immune responses to pathogens and
vaccines; however, what drives the initiation of their developmental program remains …

The mechanism by which only some individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
develop necrotic granulomas with progressive disease while others form controlled …

Membrane ion channels of the calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family promote cell–
cell crosstalk at neuronal synapses via ATP release, where ATP acts as a neurotransmitter …

Understanding what influences the ability of some arthropods to harbor and transmit
pathogens may be key for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases. Arthropod …

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes septicemia-
associated acute hepatic injury. However, the pathogenesis of this process is still unclear …

At infection sites, macrophages are sentinels that resist and destroy various pathogens,
through direct phagocytosis. In macrophages, microRNAs play a variety of crucial roles, the …

The global antimicrobial resistance crisis poses a significant threat to humankind in the
coming decades. Challenges associated with the development of novel antibiotics …

Macrophages are sentinels in the organism which can resist and destroy various bacteria
through direct phagocytosis. Here, we reported that expression level of mitochondrial …