Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are affected by solar modulation while they propagate through
the heliosphere. The study of the time variation of GCR spectra observed at Earth can shed …

Italian teams have been involved many times in Space Weather observational campaigns
from space and from the ground, contributing in the advancing of our knowledge on the …

Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental
information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these …

Precise time-dependent measurements of the Z= 2 component in the cosmic radiation
provide crucial information about the propagation of charged particles through the …

Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) inside the heliosphere are affected by solar modulation. To
investigate this phenomenon and its underlying physical mechanisms, we have performed a …

With continuous measurements from space-borne cosmic-ray detectors such as AMS-02
and PAMELA, precise spectra of galactic cosmic rays over the 11 yr solar cycle have …

Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) helium and heavier ions are important sources of space
radiation, and their elemental spectra and composition can help us better understand the …

Galactic cosmic rays suffer from solar modulation when they propagate through the
heliosphere. The transfer of the local interstellar spectrum (LIS) to the top-of-atmosphere …

The newly published spectra of protons and helium over time directly measured in space by
the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS‐02) experiment for the period 2011–2017 provide a …

The cosmic rays propagation inside the heliosphere is well described by a transport
equation introduced by Parker in 1965. To solve this equation, several approaches were …