The mammalian testis possesses a special immunological environment because of its
properties of remarkable immune privilege and effective local innate immunity. Testicular …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement
defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals …

The ability of spermatogenic cells to evade the host immune system and the ability of
systemic inflammation to inhibit male reproductive function represent two of the most …

The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have
deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These …

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in
the world, with more than 100 million cases reported annually. While there have been …

The testis is an immunological privileged tissue as evidenced by its ability to support grafts
with minimal rejection. Immune privilege is essential for the tolerance of neo-antigens from …

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most prevalent cause of sexually transmitted diseases.
Although the prevalence of chlamydial infection is similar in men and women, current …

Spermatogenic cells express cell-specific molecules with the potential to be seen as
“foreign” by the immune system. Owing to the time difference between their appearance in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved innate immune receptors that
recognize pathogen specific molecular pattern (PAMPs) in an efficient, non-self-reactive …

The blood-epididymis barrier (BEB) is a critical structure for male fertility. It enables the
development of a specific luminal environment that allows spermatozoa to acquire both the …