Sphingolipids are comprised of a backbone sphingoid base that may be phosphorylated,
acylated, glycosylated, bridged to various headgroups through phosphodiester linkages, or …

DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis that is induced by apoptotic stimuli in various
cell types. Apoptotic signal pathways, which eventually cause DNA fragmentation, are …

Functional research of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) most often relies on utilization of
RPE-derived cell lines in vitro. However, no studies about similarities and differences of the …

Mitochondria are the major intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While
excessive mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) production induces cell injury and death, there is …

Hepatocyte lipoapoptosis, a critical feature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, can be replicated
in vitro by incubating hepatocytes with saturated free fatty acids (FFA). These toxic FFA …

Okadaic acid (OKA), a polyether C38 fatty acid toxin extracted from a black sponge
Hallichondria okadaii, is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase, PP1 and …

Mild hypothermia shows protective effects on patients with brain damage and cardiac arrest.
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, we analyzed the effects of …

Like many proteins, function and abundance of Bcl-2 family proteins are influenced by
posttranslational modifications. These modifications include phosphorylation, proteolytic …

A block in apoptotic cell death is a likely requirement for cancer maintenance. Likewise, drug
resistance, one of the key clinical problems in oncology, can often be explained by apoptotic …

Most lipophilic phycotoxins have been involved in human intoxications but some of these
toxins have never been proven to induce human gastro-intestinal symptoms, although …