Can the enforcement of product standards be protectionism in disguise? This paper
estimates the costs of non-compliance with US product standards, using a new database on …

We examine the recent evolution of salient trade costs in agricultural and food markets, and
changes in their composition. We review ways to measure costs and provide guidance with …

Background Food smuggling and food trafficking are terms not currently defined in the food
literature. This work sought to determine how such definitions could be developed in order to …

The cost of complying with a sanitary standard is certain. However, such measure introduces
uncertainty for exporters in relation to border rejections. Shipments may fail to pass …

Global seafood trade has more than dou-bled from 1998 to 2008, and over half of these
exports come from countries with income under $4,000 per year. However, these lowincome …

We use data on US food import refusals to show for the first time that reputational spillovers
are important factors in the enforcement of food safety measures. The odds of a country …

Over the years, there have been a significant number of Africa's food exports rejected at the
European Union (EU) borders due to their non-compliance with EU food safety standards …

As importing countries honor trade agreements to lower tariff rates, traditional tariff barriers
may be replaced with non‐tariff barriers. Previous literature has found that the …

The high costs of complying with standards adversely affect export competitiveness. Existing
evidence suggests that the harmonisation of standards to international benchmarks reduces …

This research investigates whether and how the 2013 Horsemeat Scandal has altered
European food retailers' efforts to mitigate fraud in the international agri-food supply chain …